EE6511 GUIDE
LECTURE DECODER

Lecture Hints Stream

Follow the teacher's verbal cues to unlock exam secrets. Zero-base explanation for every hint.

跟随老师的口头暗示解锁考试秘密。每个暗示都配有零基础讲解。

These hints are ordered chronologically based on the lecture video.这些暗示按讲课视频的时间顺序排列。

HINT #01
TIMESTAMP: 02:12

"But the format is 10 multiple choice questions. Five questions are theory based and five questions are calculations. So it's an equal weightage, one mark each."

测验的形式是10道多项选择题。其中5道是基于理论的,另外5道是计算题。所以比重是相等的,每题一分。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

Quiz 1 形式已定:5道理论 + 5道计算。每题1分,共10分。理论题多考概念(如极数、励磁方向),计算题多考公式代入(如转矩、功率)。

HINT #02
TIMESTAMP: 05:56

"I may ask you this in the quiz... Which value is bigger? Which one is the smallest? Xd is the biggest, X''d is the smallest. X'd is somewhere in between. The smallest value of X''d will result in the largest peak here."

我可能会在 Quiz(测验)里考你们这个问题……(在这三个电抗中)哪个值最大?哪个值最小?Xd(稳态同步电抗)是最大的,X''d(次暂态电抗)是最小的。X'd(暂态电抗)介于两者之间。X''d 的值最小,因此会导致此处(波形图起始处)出现最大的电流峰值。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

同步发电机短路时,电流会随时间衰减。电抗(阻抗)与电流成反比。开始时电流最大,说明阻抗最小(X''d)。最后电流稳定且最小,说明阻抗最大(Xd)。记忆口诀:时间越短,电抗越小。

HINT #03
TIMESTAMP: 11:06

"In the past I test students on in the quiz ah. What is no load condition? Okay so when this machine is under no load, no load means that the machine is not supplying any power to any loads right? If you are not supplying any power, your currents, the stator currents IABC all zero. ... But there's something that is not zero. ... However ah, you notice the rotor, the field current, the rotor current has a value. If there's a rotor current, field current circulating in the rotor winding, it means that the generator has a voltage. Open circuit voltage. ... Please make sure ah in the quiz I ask you, under no load condition is the voltage zero? The answer is false right? ... the rotor currents is still there, you have voltages."

过去我在测验(Quiz)中考过学生这个问题:什么是空载条件?当机器处于空载时,意味着它没有向任何负载供电,对吧?如果你不供电,你的电流——定子电流 IABC 全都是零。……但是,有一个东西不是零。……你会注意到转子电流(即励磁电流/场电流)是有数值的。如果转子绕组中有转子电流流通,这就意味着发电机拥有电压(开路电压)。……请务必记住,如果在测验中我问你:‘在空载条件下电压是零吗?’ 答案应该是错(False)的,对吧?……因为转子电流仍然存在,所以是有电压的。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

空载 (No Load) = 开路 (Open Circuit)。此时没有接灯泡,所以输出电流 I = 0。但是!发电机内部还在转,励磁电流 If 还在流,所以感应电动势 E (电压) 依然存在。就像电池没接线时,两端依然有电压。

HINT #04
TIMESTAMP: 11:27

"Importantly, please follow all the work examples in my notes. That's all I ask from all of you. The quiz as well as the final exam will be quite similar to this type of questions."

重要的是,请务必跟进我讲义中的所有例题。这也是我对你们所有人的要求。Quiz 以及期末考试的题目将会与这些例题的类型非常相似。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

复习捷径:不要只看理论文字,直接把 PPT 里的 Worked Examples 拿出来,遮住答案自己算一遍。考试题目就是改改数字的例题。

HINT #05
TIMESTAMP: 12:16

"Admittance matrix formulation... This one probably I'll test you in the quiz also, just one question. What is admittance, how to formulate power flow equations."

导纳矩阵公式化……这个我大概率会在 Quiz 1 里考你们,可能会出一道题。包括什么是导纳,以及如何构建潮流方程。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

导纳 (Admittance, Y) 是阻抗 (Impedance, Z) 的倒数。Y = 1/Z。考试会给你一个电路图,让你写出它的 Ybus 矩阵。重点是看懂图,把线连对。

HINT #06
TIMESTAMP: 22:38

"Generator bus, P and V is known... If I test you this in the quiz ah, I hope you are not sleeping. How do I control the voltage... the output voltage of the generator? Which current do I need to control? Remember, what produces the voltage inside the generator? The rotor current, right? The field current. So the higher your field current on the rotor, the induced voltage will be higher on the stator side. For your quiz ah, please pay attention ah. I may ask you some of these questions. What parameter produces the voltage, the induced EMF? It's from your field current."

发电机母线,有功功率 P 和电压 V 是已知的……如果在测验(Quiz)里考这个,我希望你们别睡着了。我该如何控制发电机的输出电压?我需要控制哪个电流?记得吗,是什么在发电机内部产生电压?是转子电流,对吧?也就是励磁电流(Field Current)。所以,转子上的励磁电流越大,定子侧感应出的电压就越高。为了你们的测验,请注意听好。我可能会问你们这类问题:是什么参数产生了电压,即感应电动势(Induced EMF)?答案是源自你的励磁电流。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

控制逻辑链:增加励磁电流 (Field Current, If) -> 磁场变强 -> 感应电动势 (E) 变大 -> 输出电压 (V) 变大。简言之:If 控制 V。

HINT #07
TIMESTAMP: 25:57

"Why I ask you this? Because it may come out for your quiz as a theory question... if Ir is constant, what parameters is constant? Can I say E is constant? ... remember just now this model this E I talk about the the EMF right? induced voltage? This value of E ah is actually controlled by Ir, the rotor current. If you increase the DC rotor current, this E increases. You decrease Ir, this E decreases. ... So now if I keep Ir constant, can we agree this E is also constant?"

我为什么要问你们这个?因为这可能会作为一道理论题出现在你们的测验中……如果 Ir(转子电流)是常数,哪些参数是常数?我能说 E(感应电动势)是常数吗?……记得刚才模型里我提到的 E,也就是感应电动势(Induced Voltage)吗?这个 E 的值实际上是由 Ir(转子电流)控制的。如果你增加直流转子电流,这个 E 就会增加;你减小 Ir,这个 E 就会减小。……所以现在,如果我保持 Ir 不变,我们是否可以达成共识:这个 E 也是常数?

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

这是一个逻辑推理题。前提:E 由 Ir 决定。推论:如果 Ir 不变,那么 E 也不变。考试时如果问 'If field current is held constant, does E change?', 选 No。

HINT #08
TIMESTAMP: 30:26

"For normal transformers, the leakage reactance is essentially reactive... This is the magnitude of order: R is the smallest, Xm is the largest. Please remember that for your quiz. Is it clear? R is the smallest, Xm is the largest."

对于普通变压器,漏阻抗本质上是感性的……这就是(各参数)数量级的顺序:R(线圈电阻)是最小的,Xm(励磁/磁化电抗)是最大的。请为了你们的 Quiz 记住这一点。清楚了吗?R 最小,Xm 最大。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

变压器里有很多电阻电抗。谁最大?Xm (励磁电抗),因为它要阻碍电流直接流过,逼电流去另一边。谁最小?R (导线电阻),因为我们希望发热损耗越小越好。

HINT #09
TIMESTAMP: 30:36

"So the rule to form this admittance matrix for any given network... Self-admittance is the positive sum of all the admittances connected to bus i. Okay? ... So the first rule is to find self-admittance... is the sum of all the line admittances connected to bus i. That's the first rule. The second rule... Transfer admittance between two different buses... Yik... The rule is... find the line admittance connecting that two bus, put a negative in front... of the admittance."

对于任何给定的网络,构建导纳矩阵的规则如下……自导纳(Self-admittance, 对角线元素)是连接到母线 i 的所有导纳的正值之和。好吗?……所以第一条规则是找自导纳……就是把所有连接到母线 i 的线路导纳加起来。这是第一条规则。第二条规则……关于两个不同母线之间的互导纳(Transfer admittance, 非对角线元素)……即 Yik……规则是:找到连接这两个母线的线路导纳,然后在该导纳值前面加一个负号。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

Ybus 矩阵填空法: 1. 对角线 (Y11, Y22):把连在这个点上的所有线加起来,用正号。 2. 非对角线 (Y12, Y23):把连在两点之间的线拿出来,加个负号。

HINT #10
TIMESTAMP: 31:48

"So of course I will not test you this in exam [referring to 4x4 or larger]. Inverse of 4 by 4 matrix you will go crazy one. So maximum in the quiz I'll test you is 3 bus. 3 by 3. 2 by 2 or 3 by 3. Okay? So please learn how to form each of these individual elements of the admittance matrix. Okay, I give you a heads up ready ah, please go and practice."

当然,我不会在考试里考这个(指大型矩阵求逆)。手算 4x4 矩阵的逆矩阵你们会疯掉的。所以在测验(Quiz)中,我最多只考 3 个母线的系统。即 3x3 矩阵,或者是 2x2 矩阵。好吗?所以请务必学会如何构建导纳矩阵中的每一个独立元素。好了,我已经提前给你们打过招呼了,请回去练习。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

不用担心算太复杂的矩阵。考试顶多考 3个点 (3 Bus) 的系统。只要会算 2x2 和 3x3 的矩阵元素即可。

HINT #11
TIMESTAMP: 32:26

"So in my part, when I refer to rotor or field, they mean the same thing. Rotor winding, field winding, they are the same thing. So please do not confuse yourself in the quiz, if I ask you what is field winding is the same as asking what is the current in the rotor winding."

在我的这部分课程里,当我说到‘转子’或‘励磁’时,它们指的是同一个东西。转子绕组、励磁绕组,它们是一回事。所以请不要在 Quiz 里把自己搞晕了,如果我问你什么是励磁绕组,这和问你转子绕组里的电流是一样的。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

词汇替换:Rotor (转子) = Field (励磁/场)。Rotor Current = Field Current。看到 Field Winding 别发懵,它就是转子上的线圈。

HINT #12
TIMESTAMP: 33:14

"The rule is given here... negative sum [value]. Can? The rule to form Y12, 13, 14 and so on... all the off-diagonals... negative. Negative of the line admittance. Please remember this rule for the quiz ah. I already give you a heads up ready... one question, one mark. You please make sure you know how to calculate them."

规则就在这里……负值。行吗?构建 Y12, Y13, Y14 等等……即所有非对角线元素的规则……是负的。是线路导纳的负值。请为了测验记住这条规则。我已经提前通知你们了……这会是一道题,一分。请确保你们知道如何计算它们。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

再次强调:Y12, Y23 这种脚标不一样的元素,前面一定要加负号!这是送分题,别忘了写负号。

HINT #13
TIMESTAMP: 33:36

"I may ask you this in the quiz... You can increase your field current... you can control the output voltage... Or you can control the mechanical power... torque. [...] The field current will control the voltage and reactive power. Mechanical torque will control P and F (Real Power and Frequency)."

我可能会在 Quiz 中考这个……你可以增加励磁电流……以此控制输出电压……或者你可以控制机械功率……即转矩。[...] 励磁电流控制电压和无功功率。机械转矩控制有功功率和频率。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

发电机控制的两大通道(必考): 1. 励磁 (Field Current) -> 控制电压 (V) 和 无功 (Q)。 2. 油门 (Mechanical Torque) -> 控制有功 (P) 和 频率 (f)。 口诀:励磁管电压,油门管有功。

HINT #14
TIMESTAMP: 44:45

"In the quiz I will ask you again, probably. What's the difference between power factor angle and power angle... If in the quiz I give you MCQ ah you give me any wrong answer I give you zero marks. ... Power angle delta is the angle between E and V. ... Now there's another power factor angle I show you earlier right? The angle between V and I is called power factor angle."

在测验中我大概率会再次问你们:功率因数角和功率角有什么区别?……如果在测验的选择题(MCQ)里你们给出了错误的答案,我会给你们零分。……功率角(Power Angle, delta)是 E(感应电动势)和 V(端电压)之间的夹角。……而我之前给你们展示的另一个角度——功率因数角(Power Factor Angle),是 V(端电压)和 I(电流)之间的夹角。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

两个角千万别搞混: 1. 功率角 (Delta, δ):E 和 V 的夹角。决定发电机稳不稳定。 2. 功率因数角 (Phi, φ):V 和 I 的夹角。决定功率因数 PF = cos(φ)。

HINT #15
TIMESTAMP: 46:52

"In professional engineers exam, they really test you this upside down... If you use the old per unit in your calculation, everything will be wrong. ... You have a certain per unit reactance of the transformer... Xold, pu. But if you connect this transformer to a big system having a different power base and voltage base, you need to use this formula to convert the old per unit X to the new per unit X."

在专业工程师(PE)考试中,他们真的会反复考查这个知识点……如果你在计算中直接使用了旧的标幺值,那你所有的计算结果都会是错的。……你有一个变压器的标幺值电抗……记为 Xold, pu。但如果你把这个变压器连接到一个具有不同功率基准和电压基准的大系统中,你需要使用这个公式将旧的标幺值 X 转换为新的标幺值 X。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

标幺值 (Per Unit) 换算公式是必考题。变压器铭牌上的 PU 值是基于它自己的额定电压/功率。放到大电网里算,必须转换成电网的基准 (Base)。不转直接算 = 0分。

HINT #16
TIMESTAMP: 52:41

"Please go and highlight this equation. You will definitely need to use it one way or another. Perhaps for the final exam also. So how do I convert mechanical alpha to electrical alpha? This is the formula."

请去把这个公式高亮标注出来。你们肯定会以某种方式用到它,也许期末考试也会用到。如何将机械角度转换为电角度?就是这个公式。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

必背公式:电角度 = (极数 P / 2) * 机械角度。比如 4 极电机,转子转 1 圈 (360度),电角度其实走了 2 圈 (720度)。

HINT #17
TIMESTAMP: 53:14

"In the quiz I may ask you also... What's the units for real power P? Watts... What's the units for imaginary power? VAR. You need to know the units, in the quiz I may ask you also."

在 Quiz 中我也可能会问你们……有功功率 P 的单位是什么?瓦特 (Watts)……虚部功率(无功功率)的单位是什么?乏 (VAR)。你们必须知道这些单位,我在测验里可能会问。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

送分题: P (有功) -> Watts (W) Q (无功) -> VAR S (视在) -> VA 别搞混了。

HINT #18
TIMESTAMP: 56:06

"This expression is the real power output of a salient pole machine expression. Either you memorize it or you write down... restricted open book exam. I will not give you this formula anymore. ... You notice I never give you the expression for Q. You can go back and practice. ... I also give you the expression for Q. ... So all these equations not given in exam, you go and write on your piece of paper."

这个表达式是凸极电机(Salient Pole Machine)的有功功率输出公式。你们要么把它背下来,要么把它写下来……因为是限制性开卷考试,我不会再(在试卷上)给你们这个公式了。……你们注意到我没有给出 Q(无功功率)的表达式吗?你们可以回去练习推导。……(随后PPT展示了Q的公式)我也给了你们 Q 的表达式。……所以所有这些公式考试时都不会提供,你们要把它写在你们的小抄(Piece of paper)上。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

凸极电机 (Salient Pole) 的功率公式比普通电机多一项(磁阻转矩项)。考试不给公式,必须抄在 Cheat Sheet 上带进去。包括 P 和 Q 的公式。

HINT #19
TIMESTAMP: 62:46

"So I do not require [you] to solve this type of second order differential equation. It is too complex for this part already... So let's assume that you can solve it... This is the general expression: The voltage and the current along a distance x on the line... usually depend on the hyperbolic function."

我不要求你们去求解这种类型的二阶微分方程。对于这部分课程来说,它已经太复杂了……所以我们假设你们已经能够解出它(直接看解的结果)……这就是通用的表达式:线路沿线距离 x 处的电压和电流……通常取决于双曲函数(cosh 和 sinh)。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

长传输线理论涉及二阶微分方程。好消息:不用会解方程!只要知道结论:电压电流分布是双曲函数 (cosh, sinh) 形式的。

HINT #20
TIMESTAMP: 62:50

"Giving you a heads up, please remember this formula... Tau is P over Omega. So the first part of the solution is done. I already solved what is the real power P. My second task is to solve Omega."

给你们提个醒,请务必记住这个公式……转矩 Tau 等于功率 P 除以角速度 Omega。所以解题的第一部分完成了。我已经解出了有功功率 P 是多少。我的第二个任务是解出 Omega。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

必背物理公式:功率 = 转矩 x 速度 (P = Tau * Omega)。所以求转矩 Tau = P / Omega。计算题常考:先算出 P,再除以速度求转矩。

HINT #21
TIMESTAMP: 71:00

"I will test you again for quiz ah so please make sure you remember the properties... Lagging power factor is over excitation. Q goes out. ... When Q flows out the generator, lagging power factor. ... Under excitation Ecos(delta)<V, Q becomes negative and this becomes under excitation. That means Q goes back to the generator. ... Under excitation is always leading power factor."

我会在测验中再次考你们这个,所以请务必记住这些特性……滞后功率因数(Lagging Power Factor)对应的是过励磁(Over excitation)。此时 Q 流出(即发电机发出无功功率)。……当 Q 从发电机流出时,就是滞后功率因数。……欠励磁(Under excitation)发生在 Ecos(delta)<V 时,Q 变为负值。这意味着 Q 流回发电机(即发电机吸收无功功率)。……欠励磁总是对应超前功率因数(Leading Power Factor)。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

发电机状态判断(必考): 1. 过励磁 (Over-excitation) = 发出 Q (Q>0) = 滞后 (Lagging PF)。 2. 欠励磁 (Under-excitation) = 吸收 Q (Q<0) = 超前 (Leading PF)。 死记硬背:Over-Lagging-Out, Under-Leading-In。

HINT #22
TIMESTAMP: 77:00

"Of course I will not test you on this... derive this DQ0 transform. Basically you just need to know how to use the data... Xd, Xq, X0 to do your calculation."

当然我不会考你们这个……让你们去推导这个 DQ0 变换(Blondel 变换)。基本上你们只需要知道如何使用这些数据……比如 Xd, Xq, X0 来进行计算。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

DQ0 变换矩阵很复杂。老师承诺:不考推导!不用背那个 3x3 的变换矩阵。只需要会用给定的 Xd, Xq 参数做简单的加减乘除计算。

HINT #23
TIMESTAMP: Final Exam Hint 1

"So if I ask you this in exam, you need to know what exactly I'm looking for. Terminal voltage means the generator terminal V... at pull out. So I'm trying to ask you solve this magnitude V. And of course... yeah, what is the value of V in per unit."

如果我在考试中问这个问题,你们必须清楚我到底想要什么。‘端电压’(Terminal voltage)指的是发电机在失步瞬间(pull out)的端电压 V。所以我是在让你们解出这个 V 的幅值。当然……对,就是 V 的标幺值是多少。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

术语解析:题目如果问 'Calculate terminal voltage at pull-out',就是让你算失步瞬间(功率角 delta 达到极限时)的 V 值。通常是标幺值 (Per Unit)。

HINT #24
TIMESTAMP: Final Exam Hint 2

"Why I say so? Because important for your quiz... these are all multiple choice question. I will test your concept. What is the value of delta to give me maximum P for salient pole machine? It is NOT 90 degrees. It is not 90 degrees, you have to solve it. It will be LESS than 90 degrees."

为什么我要这么强调?因为这对你们的 Quiz 很重要……这些都是选择题。我会考你们的概念。对于凸极电机,产生最大功率 P 的功角 delta 值是多少?绝对不是 90 度。不是 90 度,你们必须通过计算解出来。它会小于 90 度。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

陷阱题: 隐极电机 (Cylindrical) 最大功率在 delta = 90度。 凸极电机 (Salient Pole) 最大功率在 delta < 90度 (通常 60-70度)。 如果选 90度 就错了!

HINT #25
TIMESTAMP: Final Exam Hint 3

"So these are some of the questions I may ask you either in the quiz or final exam. You need to understand the data coming out for you... then determine the state of excitation. So these are some of the questions I may ask you either in the quiz or final exam."

这些就是我可能会在 Quiz 或期末考试中问你们的问题。你们需要理解算出来的数据含义……然后据此判断励磁的状态(State of excitation)。这些都是我在测验或期末考中可能问的问题。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

综合题:算出一堆数据后,最后一步通常是问 'What is the state of excitation?'。你需要看 Q 的正负,或者看 PF 是 Leading 还是 Lagging 来回答 Over 或 Under。

HINT #26
TIMESTAMP: Final Exam Hint 4

"So in my homework assignment, I will test you again. If you just give me cosine 19 degrees without telling me leading or lagging, I minus one mark already. That's 10% of your marks... This will be my last time I'm warning the class. For power factor, you need to define the value and whether leading or lagging."

所以在我的家庭作业中,我会再次测试你们。如果你只给我 cos 19 度而不告诉我是超前(leading)还是滞后(lagging),我已经会扣掉一分了。这占了你总分的 10%……这将是我最后一次警告全班。对于功率因数,你需要定义数值以及它是超前还是滞后。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

扣分陷阱:写功率因数 (PF) 时,只写数字 (比如 0.8) 是错的!必须写 '0.8 Lagging' 或 '0.8 Leading'。少写一个词扣 10% 分数。

HINT #27
TIMESTAMP: Final Exam Hint 5

"If you copy the ex... the same thing from your lecture notes in the final exam, I give you zero marks. You need to learn how to apply for different situations. It will not be exactly the same question, for sure."

如果在期末考试中,你们直接照抄讲义里完全一样的东西(指推导过程),我会给零分。你们必须学会如何将其应用到不同的情境中。肯定不会是完全一样的问题。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

警告:开卷考试不要抄书!老师会改题目条件。如果发现你抄的解题过程和题目不符(抄了 PPT 里的旧过程),直接 0 分。

HINT #28
TIMESTAMP: Week 5 Hint 1

"In exam, please do not use this formula if the exam question does not allow you to use approximate formula. The only time you can use this formula is if the exam instruction tells you that you are allowed to use approximate formula. Okay? So normal times we do not use this. The last equation gives the approximate arithmetic difference between the voltages... In many cases when R is much much lesser than X... then E minus V is just simply XQ over V."

在考试中,如果题目没有明确允许你使用近似公式,请千万不要使用这个公式。只有当考试说明明确告诉你允许使用近似公式时,你才能使用它。好吗?所以通常情况下我们不使用这个。这最后一个方程给出的是电压之间的近似算术差……在很多情况下,当电阻 R 远小于电抗 X 时……那么 E 减去 V 就简单地等于 XQ/V。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

公式使用禁忌:近似公式 (Approximate Formula) 只有在题目说 'Use approximate formula' 时才能用。默认情况必须用完整的精确公式算。乱用扣分。

HINT #29
TIMESTAMP: Week 5 Hint 2

"If the generator is absorbing Q, that means Q is negative. What is the power factor? Under-excitation... leading power factor... please memorize this property. It is always true... Very common. Under-excitation, very common, leading power factor. Very common. And of course, producing Q is lagging power factor. Please remember them for your theory."

如果发电机正在吸收无功功率(Q),这意味着 Q 是负值。那么功率因数是多少?欠励磁(Under-excitation)……对应超前功率因数(Leading Power Factor)……请背下来这个属性。这永远是成立的……非常常见。欠励磁,非常常见,对应超前功率因数。这非常常见。当然,产生 Q(过励磁)对应的是滞后功率因数(Lagging Power Factor)。请记住这些理论知识。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

重复强调的重点: Absorb Q = Negative Q = Under-excitation = Leading PF. Produce Q = Positive Q = Over-excitation = Lagging PF.

HINT #30
TIMESTAMP: Week 5 Hint 3

"Very important for your quiz again. Overhead lines, transformers and cables. What are the differences? ... In Singapore, do you see any overhead transmission lines? Very rare... So actually all our transmission lines are actually underground... we call them cables. Cables are usually generators of Q due to their high shunt capacitance. Transformers always absorb Q... Loads usually absorb Q. Usually loads are absorbers of Q... All these properties are important for your quiz, please remember them."

这对你们的测验(Quiz)又是非常重要的一点。架空线路、变压器和电缆。它们有什么区别?……在新加坡,你看到过架空输电线路吗?非常少见……所以实际上我们所有的输电线路都在地下……我们称之为电缆。电缆由于具有高并联电容,通常是无功功率(Q)的发生器。变压器总是吸收 Q……负载通常吸收 Q。通常负载都是 Q 的吸收者……所有这些属性对你们的测验都很重要,请记住它们。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

电力组件 Q 特性(常识题): 1. 电缆 (Cables):产生 Q (Generator of Q),因为电容大。 2. 变压器 (Transformers):吸收 Q (Absorb Q),因为它是电感线圈。 3. 负载 (Loads):通常吸收 Q。

HINT #31
TIMESTAMP: Week 5 Hint 4

"This one I tested for last semester exam... It may be tested for your quiz... Half the class last semester all cannot do. All just open book exam all copy down the same thing here. I give you zero marks. You need to apply intelligence to solve the question... Take note of the direction of Ic in the above calculation. Do you know why I set for the exam last semester? I just changed the position of the taps... Instead of the top one having the 5% increase, I just put the bottom one with 5% increase... If the bottom one increased 5%... How will the circulating current flow? Instead of flowing clockwise, it become anti-clockwise."

这道题我上学期期末考考过……它可能会在你们的测验(Quiz)中出现……上学期有一半的学生都不会做。因为是开卷考,所有人只是把这里(课件上)的东西照抄一遍。我给了他们零分。你需要运用智慧来解题……注意上述计算中循环电流 Ic 的方向。你知道我上学期考试是怎么出的吗?我只是改变了分接头的位置……我把底部那个变压器设为增加 5%(电压),而不是顶部那个……如果底部那个增加了 5%……循环电流会怎么流?它将变成逆时针流动,而不是顺时针。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

变压器并联分接头 (Tap changing) 问题: 电压高的往电压低的流。 PPT 例题是上面电压高,所以顺时针流。 考试如果改成下面电压高,电流就反过来,逆时针流! 千万别死记顺时针,要看谁电压高。

HINT #32
TIMESTAMP: Final Exam Hint 6

"This is important for your final exam. How to solve one equation in phasors with two unknowns... If you want to do well for Question number 2. The solution part, like I mentioned, I cannot type out... I will show you next week. How to solve one phasor equation with two unknowns, Delta and V... This is important for your final exam... very important. If you want to do well for Question number 2 for my part."

这对你们的期末考试(Final Exam)非常重要。如何解一个包含两个未知数的相量方程……如果你想在第 2 题拿高分的话。解题部分,正如我提到的,我无法打出来……我下周会演示给你们看。如何解一个包含 Delta(相角)和 V(电压幅值)两个未知数的相量方程……这对你们的期末考试很重要……非常重要。如果你想在我负责的第 2 题部分考好的话。

Zero-Base Breakdown (零基础解析)

期末第2题必考:解相量方程。一个复数方程可以拆成实部和虚部两个方程,所以可以解两个未知数 (V 和 Delta)。这是数学技巧,一定要去听下周的课或者看手写笔记。

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